$$V=L_0*A_0=\int _0^L A(x)dx=const.$$Īs a result of an increase in $L$ with constant $V$, A is changing throughout the whole Experiment. Because the solid material of the specimen is incompressible, its Volume $V$ has to stay constant in spite of strain. $$\sigma_e=\frac$$ with $\Delta L$ being the Elongation and $L_0$ being the starting length. If you divide that force $F$ by the cross-section of your specimen at the start of testing, $A_0$, you gain a value $\sigma_e$ with the dimension of a stress. ![]() ![]() ![]() In tensile testing, Stress is usually measured indirectly by measurement of the applied force over strain $\epsilon$.
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